20^th World Congress on Radiology and Oncology 26-27 September, 2018 Chicago, Illinois, USA

A case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports may contain a demographic profile of the patient, but usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence

Biomedical Sciences have grown to a wide extent. Numerous new inventions in regard to treatment of diseases and latest technologies and instruments being used specially for treatment of cancer have given new heights to research areas. The use of immunosensors have been in growth with time period. It covers the relevant area of understanding of human system and diseases. Some of advancements of biomedical include following:

Diagnostic imaging software includes:

• Integrated RIS/PACS and Clinical Data Archive that combine images and patient information for processing, diagnosis, sharing and storage.

• Advanced clinical applications that build on our PACS solution including Orthopaedic Digital Imaging, Virtual Colonoscopy, Cardiology PACS and Advanced Visualization Tools.

• Computed Assisted Diagnosis (CAD) tools that enhance diagnostic confidence, boost productivity and improve the chances for early detection across clinical specialties with a computerized second read.

• CARESTREAM Professional Services designed to help you get higher performance from your medical imaging software and staff who use it. Our offerings include CARESTREAM Integration Services, Network Services, Project Management Services, Software Refresh Program and DICOM Interoperability Services.

Elastography is a new field of medical imaging where it maps the elastic properties and stiffness of tissue, to determine the presence or status of cancer. Sometimes Cancerous tumors will be harder than the surrounding tissues. Ultrasound or MRI technique is used for detecting the Stiffness.

This technique allows direct imaging of the living tissues by exposure of X rays. The absorption of x-rays by the patient’s body is measured by detectors and calculated in a slice-wise manner resulting in black-and white images of the different x-ray densities of the tissues. A computed tomogram usually consists of a number of slices but 3D images can be calculated as well. In contrast to the conventional x-ray, bones and soft tissue organs can be presented without any superposition. The usually small differences in radio density between different tissues can be enhanced by injection of contrast medium.

The field of Radiology imaging has rapidly enhanced with few many features 

(a)        The use of lead aprons certain drugs, improved patient positioning can reduce the radiation exposure during scanning.

(b)        Ultrasound, this latest remote viewing systems not only monitor pregnancy but also used for echocardiograms, bone sonometry, and abdominal imaging. This latest systems can detect breast cancer as well as prostate cancer, liver, kidney ,pancreatic & bladder.

(c)        PET Scans, combined with CT to detect cancer much earlier with a broad clearer image which provide more information regarding patient rather than traditional scan.

(d)       In the latest CT Angiography, the process is much faster, safer & less expensive. In new CT angiogram, the process take 10-25 minutes without all the risk. It can be used for arteries in the lungs, kidneys, arms and legs.

(e)        Digital Mammography has proven most effective in case of breast cancer diagnosis. Study has proven that digital  mammogram are more accurate in detecting breast cancer in women aging under 50, premenopausal women.

Alternative medicine or complementary medicines include treatment other than conventional surgeries and drugs which are mostly natural. These treatments are taken along with conventional treatments which may reduce the pain but are not effective to replace the cancer in any ways. It may include the use of natural herbs, exercises and homeopathic therapies which enhance the tolerance of pain and suffering.

Nuclear Medicine is a branch of medical Imaging techniques that uses radiation (radioisotopes) to treat some medical conditions especially cancer. Initially it was used for thyroid diseases diagnosing. The special camera and imaging techniques used in nuclear medicine include the gamma camera and single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT). Nuclear medicine has benefits as well as risk factors. Patients having Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients who do not respond to chemotherapy may undergo radio immunotherapy (RIT).In future, it may be possible to embed chemotherapy into medication imaging agents that will attach only to cancer cells, In this way, the chemotherapy would kill only the target cells and not the nearby healthy tissue. This would reduce some of the adverse effects of chemotherapy.

Paediatric Cancer is rare but unfortunately now a days many child deaths main cause is cancer. Cancers that are exclusive to children are Neuroblastoma, wilms tumor, Rhabdomyosarcoma, retinoblastoma. Currently, it is estimated that there are 350,000 adult survivors of childhood cancer in the United States. Children who survive cancer have more years than adults to develop long-term consequences of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, which include Infertility, Poor growth, Cardiac damage, Development of second cancers.

Treatment for Children’s cancers are not always like adult cancers. Paediatric  Oncology is a sub speciality which only focused on the child cancer patients. Treatment for child cancer depends on the type of cancer and common  types of treatment is surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant.

Radiation Oncology mainly describes the treatment and diagnosis of the cancer using ionizing radiation therapies. The most widely used therapy is use of high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells.  Following are types of radiation therapies:

In the present radiotherapy techniques only have ability to supress the presence of cancer tumour cells. But in stem cell therapy you have ability to produce new stem cells along with high dose radiotherapy treatment such as chemotherapy to the body. 

Biologic therapy also called immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that boosts the certain parts of a person's immune system to fight against cancer.  The immunotherapy works in either way as stimulating immune system to be strong and and work harder or by making its cells to act in a smart self-procedures. Following are different types of immunotherapies:

Oncology and hematology together defines the diseases related to blood mainly leukemia , sickle cell anemia. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells. Mostly, leukemia is cancer of WBCs. WBCs helps to protect our body from invasion of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, as well as from abnormal cells and other foreign substances. In leukemia, WBCs divide too quickly and eventually crowd out normal cells. Sickle cell anemia occurs due to mutation in genes. 

Radiology is imaging science technology where radio particles are used to diagnose or treat diseases inside of the body. Radiologists use a variety of energy sources including x rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance, nuclear etc. Radiologic procedures such as CT, MRI, and PET are medically prescribed and should only be performed by appropriately trained and certified physicians under medically necessary circumstances.

Biopsy is a diagnostic technique in which a fine designed needle or medical image-guided methods and suctions are used to remove a small tissue from the body to specify and have a clear diagnosis of presence of cancer in that organ. It gives the exact estimation about existence of tumor in that particular area. Mostly it is performed through surgery. Following mentioned are different types of biopsies:

Resistance towards the cancer drugs is a challenge is a big issue today. Researchers are making progress on that.no cancer treatment is 100% effective against cancers. But resistance of cancer drugs results from a variety of factors like somatic cell differences in tumors. most common reason for  resistance of anticancer drugs is expression of one or more energy-dependent transporters that detect and eject anticancer drugs from cells, but other mechanisms of resistance including insensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis and induction of drug-detoxifying mechanisms probably play an important role in acquired anticancer drug resistance.

Vaccines or vaccinations are medicines that help the immune system to recognize and destroy the cancer cells. Most of the cancer vaccine work in same way to treat the cancer. Cancer treatment vaccines are different from vaccines that work against the viruses. Different types of cancer vaccines are Antigen vaccine, Whole cell vaccine, dendritic cell vaccines, DNA Vaccines, anti idiotype vaccine .There are other types of cancer vaccines that are under clinical trials not yet approved in the US to treat cancer.

Chemotherapy or chemo drugs are used to treat cancer, either alone or recombining with another medicines. Also called as ‘cytotoxic drug . Chemotherapy drugs actually targeted the new forming cells at different phases. Different chemo drugs are there like Alkylating agents, antimetabolites agents, anti tumor antibiotics, Topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, corticosteroids are helps to destroy, shrink or control the abnormal cells.

Antibody agents are also used for cancer. Proteins, that target specific molecules on the surface of cancer cells. Antibody which is going to used are specifically engineered to target certain types of cancer cells.

Pharmacology, study of drugs. It consists of two main areas : pharmacokinetics(how body reacts to drug) & pharmacodynamics (what drug does to body). Pharmacology Consists of molecular carcinogenesis, biochemical pharmacology, Radiation biology, and clinical pharmacology. Cancer Pharmacology helps to understand the biology of cancer drug targets, the mode of action, and mechanisms of response and resistance to anticancer agents, also develop novel concepts and strategies for more effective cancer treatment.

Screening can help doctors find & treat cancer at early stages. At the early stages, cancer cells are easier to treat but by the time, cancer cells begun to spread and harder to treat. Some cancer screening tests are Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and high-sensitivity faecal occult blood tests (FOBTs), Low-dose helical computed tomography, Mammography, Pap test and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing. Others Screening tests are Alpha-fetoprotein blood test, Breast MRI, CA-125 test, PSA test, Virtual colonoscopy.

Cancer is a kind of disease in which cells divided abnormally, without any control. It can spreads all over the body also in the lymph as well as blood systems. It is estimated that more than 72% worldwide populations are having Cancer. Now a days 30-50% cancers can be prevented. On avoiding some unhealthy factors Like Tobacco, Alcohol, carcinogenic products, overweight, obesity, ionizing radiation, infectious infection actually can prevent the cancer. Sufficient healthy diet & Proper exercise is also needed.

Researchers has bring one new concept like Chemoprevention, medicines which use to treat precancerous conditions or to keep cancer from ever developing.

Most cases of cancer are detected and diagnosed after a tumor can be felt or when other symptoms develop. In a few cases, cancer is diagnosed incidentally as a result of evaluating or treating other medical conditions. People having cancer mostly have a combination of treatments such as Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy or nuclear medicine. The treatment of cancer has undergone evolutionary changes as understanding of the underlying biological processes has increased.

Clinical trials are the research studies that explore whether a medical treatment, or device is safe and effective for humans or not. These studies also show which medical approaches work best for certain illnesses or groups of people. The purpose of clinical trials is research of new drugs/drug molecules or devices, so the studies should follow strict scientific standards. These standards protect patients and help produce reliable study results.

Researchers has designed the cancer clinical trials in such a new way to test thoroughly .For that Now a days, people are living longer lives from successful cancer  treatment that are the results of past clinical trials result.

Before announcing new drugs, there are series of steps are present in clinical trials called Phases. During Phase 1 & 2 researchers study the drug’s safety. In the last Phase (Phase 3) researchers study that whether the drugs is more effective than the standard one or not.

Imaging Test is just a way to check what is going inside body. Imaging test is done for early detection  of cancer .This may be called Cancer Screening Test. Imaging is done to check whether tumor (rapid growth of abnormal tissues) is happened due to cancer or other diseases. Few Imaging Tests are given

Computed tomography (CT) scan : It is a diagnostic imaging test used to create detailed images of internal bones, soft tissues, blood vessels, organs. CT Scan is often best method for detecting many different types of cancers and confirm its presence of a tumor & determine its size & location.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan: MRI is a type of Scanning technique where strong magnetic fields and radio waves are used to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. It can be used to examine almost any part of the body.

Ultrasound: Ultrasound is a type of Scanning technique where sound waves are used to produce images inside of the body. It is also used for biopsies, heart diseases, examine a baby in pregnant women. It is safe, does not use ionizing radiation.

Breast Cancer is the leading cause of death in women in the United States. Early detection of breast cancer through mammographic screening has decreases 30% breast cancer mortality since 1989.Mammography is considered the ‘gold standard’ in the evaluation of the breast lesions from an imaging perspective. Improvements over the last decade in the quality of performance and the reporting of mammography studies are the most important advances in breast imaging.

In breast ultrasound, the sound waves are used to create images of the breast. It is often used as a follow-up test after an abnormal finding on a mammogram or clinical breast exam. Breast ultrasound can tell the difference between a liquid-filled cyst and a solid mass (which may or may not be cancer).

Breast MRI uses magnetic fields to create an image of the breast, sometimes it can find cancers in dense breasts that are not seen on mammograms. It is more invasive than a mammogram.

Cancer type is always categorized on the basis of initial location of occurrence of cancer. Accordingly there exist numerous types of organ cancer. The most common types of organ cancer is the prostate cancer and breast cancer. Bone cancer occurs very rarely whereas now   days gastrointestinal cancer has also effected a huge amount of population. Another growing cancer is the ovarian and colorectal cancer. The pharmaceutical industries dealing with breast cancer drugs have inclined in the recent years

Oncology is a sub specialty of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer or suspected cancer. It also deals with the diagnosis and treatment of tumor cells. Cancer begins when cell division start to grow out of control. The field of oncology has three major areas: medical, surgical, and radiation.

(a)        Robot assisted surgery offers cancer patients various unique advantages. The robot helps replicate the surgeon’s hand movements while removing the tumors. It consists of several advantages like less damage to healthy tissue, less pain during surgery, minimal blood loss on surgery, faster recovery, reduced risk of infection, better cancer control. The machine is designed console viewing a 3-D image of the operative site. As the surgeon moves his hands, wrists and fingers, the instruments are performing the same movements inside the patient’s body.

(b)        Surgery is the oldest way to treat cancer. Before the surgery, surgeon determines whether the cancer is respectable or not. In surgical oncology the cancer cells are removed by surgical way. The type of surgeries actually are depends on the stage & location of the tumor.

Radiopharmaceuticals or medical radio compounds, are group of pharmaceutical drugs which have  radioactivity, intended for diagnosis , therapeutically purposes. Radio isotopes emitting  penetrating gamma rays are used for imaging where the radiation has to escape the body before being detected by a specific device (PET cameras/SPECT).Common isotopes for imaging are 99mTc,I 131,TI201,ln 111 etc.

Radiology therapy is the use of high energetic radiation to kill cancer cells DNA also their ability of grow. Linear accelerator (a machine that accelerates electrons to produce x-rays or gamma rays) also known as LINAC is used for radiology. Radiation therapy also damages the normal cells leading to side effects. Scientists studying radio sensitizers & radio protectors , chemicals that modify the cancer cells response towards the radiation.

Radiology is a branch of treatment that uses imaging technology to diagnose and treat disease. This technique is used to detect and monitor diseases or injuries via the generation of images representing internal anatomic structures and organs of the patient's body so that patient’s treatment and therapy can be specifically planned and implemented. Most common types of diagnostic radiology tests are

Medical imaging is a technique which includes various techniques and procedures to create images of different parts of body in order to diagnose or treat certain diseases in human body. It is basically visualising tissues and organs in the body to get a molecular level approach towards disease. The most common form of medical imaging is radiography to consider breakages in bone structures.